오산기지1995-1999 이시우 2006/05/10 1279

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1995

(L) Songbuk Elementary School Sports Day Fan Dance (R) Ssirum (1995) (Songbuk Elementary School)
(NOTE: A separate two-story building was constructed with bottom floor used for Ssirum training.)

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Songtan becomes part of Pyongtaek City May 10, 1995: Songtan-si, Pyeongtaek-si and Pyeongtaek-gun were abolished and urban agricultural Pyeontaek-si was established by Law No. 4048 (Law on establishment of five urban agricultural cities, including Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do) May 1995: Songtan city and adjoining Pyongtaek City and county agree to amalgamate as Pyongtaek City.

Songtan and Pyeongtaek joined (10 May 1995). (Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)

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The Changing Face of Songtan For married US military personnel living off-base, the Korean economy was turning into a nightmare. The dollar-to-won rate was around 700 won-to-a-dollar and inflation was rampant. The prices of goods doubled, while at the same time, the American GI’s paycheck had been effectively halved. A person living off-base with his family was hard pressed to make ends meet. In addition, the face of the Songtan bar row suddenly changed as the GIs were no longer “rich GIs” but rather poor cousins.

The business of the shops catering to the GI trade were hard-pressed. As the GI business in the bars dropped off, the bar owners turned to Koreans to supplement their revenues and created a law enforcement problem for the Town Patrol. (This is strictly against the rules for a “Special tourist bar” unless accompanied by a GI.) Another phenomena was the appearance of Filipino and Russian go-go dancers in the clubs. This reflected the economic conditions in the world as they were cheaper to hire than Koreans. A Korean bar-girl could earn twice as much or more in a Korean bar where Korean males were notorious for being big tippers. The Filipinas were preferred as they could speak English, but the white skin of the the caucasian Russian females attracted many GIs. To the bar owners, the new bar girls were simply an economic necessity.

Unfortunately, this brought on new security problems for the base as the Russians could not be allowed on base because they were from a Communist country — the same as the ethnic-Korean from China. However, the Filipinas could and were regularly seen in the bowling alleys and establishments on base with their GI boyfriends. The security problem was that the bargirls fraternize with the GIs right off-base which created a rather ticklish situation. (NOTE: The Russians were expelled from Korea in July 2004, though those married to Koreans were allowed to remain and continued to work in the bars. There were others who became illegal aliens continuing their work in the bars of Songtan.)
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Russians and Filipinas arrive at Songtan bars The Miracle of the Han arrived in Korea and everything grew more expensive — at the same time, the bars of Songtan was experiencing a shortage of Korean bargirls. Those girls that remained were rapidly aging and the bar owners were faced with a dilemma as the axiom of bar life is “no pretty girls — no customers.” Economic realities was that the Korean bar girls had priced themselves out of the market of the camptown bars like Songtan. A Korean bar girl could earn twice as much in a Korean bar where Korean males were well-known to be high spenders. In comparison, the GI’s paycheck was dwindling in comparison to the Korean and he became the “Cheap Charlie” instead of “rich GI” of years past. Though Songtan faired better than other areas because many GIs from bases like Kunsan AB were attracted to Osan on the weekends, it was still caught in a trap. It found its answer in the hiring of bar girls from Russia and the Philippines — the Russians for their white skin and the Filipinas for their English speaking ability.
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IMF Hits: The economic situation started to unravel. By December 1995, people knew Korea was in deep trouble though the Korean government adamantly tried to deny this. Though the government moved to support its won, it was throwing good money after bad. By spring of 1996, Korea was faced with the reality that it was above its head in debt.

The crisis unfolded against the backdrop of several decades of outstanding economic performance in Asia, and the difficulties that the East Asian countries face are not primarily the result of macroeconomic imbalances. Rather, they stemmed from weaknesses in financial systems and, to a lesser extent, governance. A combination of inadequate financial sector supervision, poor assessment and management of financial risk, and the maintenance of relatively fixed exchange rates led banks and corporations to borrow large amounts of international capital, much of it short-term, denominated in foreign currency, and unhedged. As time went on, this inflow of foreign capital tended to be used to finance poorer-quality investments.

Although private sector expenditure and financing decisions led to the crisis, it was made worse by governance issues, notably government involvement in the private sector and lack of transparency in corporate and fiscal accounting and the provision of financial and economic data. Developments in the advanced economies, such as weak growth in Europe and Japan that left a shortage of attractive investment opportunities and kept interest rates low in those economies, also contributed to the buildup of the crisis.

After the crisis erupted in Thailand with a series of speculative attacks on the baht, contagion spread rapidly to other economies in the region that seemed vulnerable to an erosion of competitiveness after the devaluation of the baht or were perceived by investors to have similar financial or macroeconomic problems. As the contagion spread to Korea, the world’s eleventh largest economy, the possibility of a default by Korea raised a potential threat to the international monetary system. (Source: IMF.)
The “IMF Crisis” hit. Because of Korea’s monetary excesses in supporting their “chaebols” (conglomerates) and allowing them uncontrolled expansion, the businesses had over-extended credit. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) moved in to bail Korea out of its $3.2 billion debt, but only after Korea promised to revamp its business practices, open its doors to free trade, and eliminate its practice of protectionism. (NOTE: By the year 2000, Korea was well on its way to full recovery and had repaid the bulk of its loan. Financial institutions which had dragged their feet in making changes were forced by Kim Dae-Jung into insolvency or consolidation. Some troubled auto companies have failed to be “partnered” with other foreign companies who do not see the Korean offers as being attractive enough. The won-to-dollar rate is around 1100 won-to-a-dollar. As to its promises of free trade, well…the American Trade Representatives are still waiting.)

More importantly, there exist dreadful signs pointing that Korea comes to have triple structural diseases that will definitely take long to be cured: they are the snowballing debt burden; rampant government deficit; and substantial subordination of Korean industry to foreign capital. …

…As a result Korean Government has been enforcing an all-out, neo-liberal economic reform over the past two years bidding adieu to the late dictator Park?s economic model. This model, having led to the much-acclaimed miracle of the Han River over the past 30 to 40 years, was based on the vertical integration straight from the top to the bottom: as is well known the glorious vision of “compression growth” presented by the despotic ruler, effective macro-economic and industrial policies implemented by bureaucratic elite, encroachment into foreign markets by Chaebols, and sacrifices of all kinds for a bright future on the part of the general public. The current neo-liberal economic reform is forcefully applied in Korea, marking really the historic end of the vertically-integrative despotic development model. (Source: Social Impact of the IMF Crisis in Korea, Chan Keun Lee )
The Koreans had started in 1990 on an ambitious plan to upgrade their military hardware. However, after the “IMF Crisis” started being felt in 1995, Korea shelved many of these ambitious plans…but only temporarily. But this trend of non-military spending unfortunately continued under the Kim Dae-jung administration even when the nation had recovered and it had fallen from 8 percent of GDP during Kim Young-sam’s term to 2.7 percent of GDP under Kim Dae-jung. In years to come, Korea would be forced to “pay the piper” — but continued to rely heavily on the US to provide for its defense needs.
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Osan American High School Opens High school students from Osan Air Base and Camp Humphreys traveled by bus to the US Army Yongsan, South Post to attend Seoul American High School. The students were on the buses three to four hours each day at a cost of approximately $60,000.00 annually. With the increase of accompanied tours for the military and DoD civilian personnel came the growth in the population of school age dependents. The increasing highway hazards and congestion, coupled with the overcrowded conditions at Seoul High School, prompted Command to identify student options. Several options were considered to include creating a dormitory at Yongsan, commuting by train, or providing military helicopter transportation for 83 students.

On 5 October 1992, Colonel Michael F. Thuss, Assistant Chief of Staff, Engineering, presented a Point Paper to identify problems, issues, and options to reduce the three hour commute. Out of this paper came the recommendation that the Air Force coordinate with the ROK Ministry of Education to build an American high school at Osan Air Base. On 16 October 1992, Mr. Ted Lee Moore, Assistant Principal, Osan Elementary Middle School, submitted a request for the construction of Osan American High School.

On 8 January 1993, LTC Antonio P. Nofuente, Deputy Director of Civil Engineering, Pacific Air Force authorized the design and construction of Osan American High School that could be opened for school year 95/96. His recommendation stated “this is a command interest project … Go “full court press’ and let’s get it done.” The notice to proceed with construction was issued 16 December 1993. The contract amount was 12,689,733.88 dollars.

The site selected meant the relocation of Popeyes, the preschool, and the community football field. In August 1995, under the leadership of Mr. James Szoka, Principal, and Dr. Suzanne O’Shea, Assistant Principal, Osan American High School enrolled students grades 7-12 from the Osan Air Base and Camp Humphreys military communities. (Source: Osan American High School.)

Osan American High School opened in 1995 to accommodate 250 students in grades 7 through 12. In 2005, there were 313 students. (NOTE: In Oct 1979, the Osan Elementary School opened with an enrollment of 37 with an optimum capacity of 45-60. The school term formally opened in temporary quarters in November 1979. A permanent school designed for 275 students in grades kindergarten through 6 opened in August 1982. An addition was completed in December 1987, allowing the school to expand its student population. A 4-teacher K-2 annex school opened in August 1999 at Camp Humphreys. Plans are for a 3 Kindergarten classroom building to open in SY 02-03. Students come from the communities of Osan AB and Camp Humphreys (U.S. Army).))
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36 FS Development
9 Mar 1995 14 F-16s deploy to Eielson AFB, AK for Cope Thunder.
24 Aug 1995 The squadron evacuates Osan and flies to Kunsan AB for Tropical Storm Janice.
(Source: 36th Fiends History.)
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5th Reconnaissance Squadron Arrives (Sep 95)
1-3 Sept 1995 — 5 RS, Osan AB, South Korea, undergoes the first overseas operational recce unit inspection by Air Combat Command(ACC) IG Team. The date is Labor Day weekend! (CW)
13 Oct 1995 — -2S arrives at 5 RS, Osan AB, South Korea, first overseas unit to receive “S” model (CW)
20 Oct 1995 — First U-2S operational mission, flown by Lt. Col. Chuck Wilson, commander of 5 RS, Osan AB, South Korea (CW)
(Source: Blackbirds Timeline.)
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Return of Military Funded Construction: With the move to consolidate the bases and reduction in forces, it was decided to halt military construction — along with the Clinton administration’s systematic cutting of funds for the military infrastructure. There had been no U.S. Military Funded Construction (USMILCON) for the Army and Air Force since 1990. USMILCON returned in 1995. The plans were laid for the funding and letting of the contracts for the new 1×1 barracks that would be completed in 2000.

Between 1990-1994, the ROK government provided $323 million under Host Nation Funded Construction (HNFC). The ROK government funded all of the USFK major infrastructure revitalization projects between 1992-1997.

The ROK government funded future Kunsan projects under CY96 HNFC: Contingency aircraft parking – $4.5M and CY97 HNFC: Access taxiway – $3.9M.

The Corps of Engineers are also intending to shed government power distribution systems to go to direct connections to the Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) system. In addition, it is investigating connections to municipal water and sewer systems.

Under the cost-sharing agreement under the Mutual Defense Treaty, the ROK government will fund under two categories. Combined Defense Improvement Programs (CDIP) that enhance warfighting capabilities such as airfields or ammo storage facilities. These are designed by the Corps of Engineers, but awarded, administered and supervised by the ROK government. The Republic of Korea Funded Category (ROKFC) provides for quality of life, environmental, infrastructure or war-fighting projects. The ROKFC will NOT fund such projects as theaters, bowling alleys, etc. and the Corps of Engineers designs, contracts and supervises the project.
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North Korean Missile Threat: Chemical warfare training was intensified as news of the deployment of the Rodong-1 intermediate range ballistic missile was released. Kunsan, which was previously outside of the effective range for the Scuds B/C, was now within the striking range of the Rodong-1 (No Dong 1) missiles. This single-staged liquid fuel missile can fire a 450-pound warhead up to 620 miles, although it has never been fired more than 310 miles. The Rodong 1 was test-launched in 1993 and entered service a year later. Yonhap (Kyodo News Service) reported in Sept. 1995, that the Rodong-1 intermediate range ballistic missile was being deployed.

The first flight of the Taepo Dong 1 two-stage, liquid fuel missile significantly increased the range of North Korea’s rocket forces. According to Jane’s Strategic Weapon Systems, the Taepo Dong 1 (Daepodong 1) could deliver a 450-pound warhead up to 1,250 miles — far enough to reach any target in Japan and most major cities in China. A payload of that size is large enough to carry nuclear and chemical weapons, as well as conventional explosives. A much larger variant being developed could possibly send a 680-pound warhead up to 3,750 miles, or as far as southern Alaska. Yonhap (Kyodo News Service) reported in Sept. 1995, that between 50 and 200 North Korean engineers were said to be have been trained by state and private Chinese entities, and North Korea is believed to have received technical support from Chinese defense and technology firms. The Rodong missiles are said to be of similar design to China’s CSS-2, and the Taepo Dong types to be similar to the newer Chinese Dongfeng.

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1996

Songbuk Elementary School (1996) (Songbuk Elementary School)
(NOTE: Apartments are across the street from the playground.)

Education Songshin Elementary underwent an administrative name change from “Kungmin Hagkyo” to “Chodung Hagkyo.”
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Dongbu District changed to Songtan District April 19, 1996: The name of administrative dong was changed from Dongbu-dong to Songtan-dong) by Pyeongtaek-si Ordinance No. 197 (Promulgated on April 19, 1996)

July 20, 1996: The border of legal dong was changed by Pyeongtaek-si Ordinance No. 207 (Promulgated on July 20, 1996)
Part (seven lots of land1,709 ? ) of Seojeong-dong was changed Ichung-dong
Part of Ichung-dong was changed to Seojeong-dong (22 lots of land in 16,569 ? )
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Major Dispute in 1996 Between Pyeongtaek City and Osan AB over Unpaid Water Bill According to the Pyeongtaek History, the “Songtan American Base” owed 1,060,000,000 won (one billion 60 million) for water services. However, the base refused to pay the bill — though they were aware that the bill was due for 1 year and three months. Later the Pyeongtaek stated that the bill was 2 billion 50 million. (Source: Pyeongtaek City History CD, “Pyeongtaek Si Sa.”)

The base contended that there were overcharges and there were also questions over the cost-sharing percentages for the water consumption as the ROKAF was stationed on the base. In addition, there were questions over how the charges were computed as the base was supposed to be charged at an industrial rate.

On 3 May 1996, there was a protest at the Shijang Main Gate to Osan AB. The tiff was resolved with the intercession of the ROK government. The Ministry of Defense “quietly” resolved the issue.
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Pyongtaek Area Continues to Grow Drawn by government incentives to relocate companies continued to set up factories in the area. One such company was Dai Jin Mold and Plastic Ind. Co. which started its operations at its Songtan Factory on 1 Aug 1996 in the Songtan Industrial Complex, 436-1, Mogok-dong, Pyongtaek City.

In July 1996, Pyeongtaek Harbor was designated one of three national policy harbors under Korean harbor law. The three national policy harbors are Pyeongtaek, Busan, Gwangyang.

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Pyeongtaek area development plans discussed on 9 Aug 1996. (Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)

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Suwon-Pyeongtaek join facilities for Ministry of Justice functions (1 Sep 1996). (Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)

Suwon-Pyeongtaek joint Ministry of Justice facilities (Sep 1996). (Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)

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ROK Finds Osan AB the USFK Noisiest Base in Korea In 1996, the ROK conducted a nationwide noise survey of all air bases (ROK and USFK) in Korea. Osan AB was found to be the noisiest of all the USFK bases with levels highest during the day. There were claims from NGO environmental activists that the noise levels were reaching the threshold where it posed a serious health hazard to the surrounding community. However, no action was taken from the Pyeongtaek City government but activist groups filed a class action suit against the military on 3 May 2004 based upon these findings. (See 2004 for details on suit)

The survey found that the Osan AB noise levels were 96.0db, while Euijongbu was 78.4db; Chunchon was 82.0db; and Kunsan was 94.0db. The survey found that Osan noise levels were between 50-55db in the morning and between 40-48db at night. The noise levels measured on the street was 65db during the day and 55db at night. (Source: Pyeongtaek City History CD, “Pyeongtaek Si Sa.”)

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is hearing loss due to exposure to either a sudden, loud noise or exposure to loud noises for a period of time. A dangerous sound is anything that is 85 dB (sound pressure level – SPL) or higher. (NOTICE THAT THE OSAN AB LEVEL WAS 96.0db.) Sound pressure is measured in decibels (dB). Like a temperature scale, the decibel scale goes below zero. The average person can hear sounds down to about 0 dB, the level of rustling leaves. Some people with very good hearing can hear sounds down to -15 dB. If a sound reaches 85 dB or stronger, it can cause permanent damage to your hearing. The amount of time you listen to a sound affects how much damage it will cause. The quieter the sound, the longer you can listen to it safely. If the sound is very quiet, it will not cause damage even if you listen to it for a very long time; however, exposure to some common sounds can cause permanent damage. With extended exposure, noises that reach a decibel level of 85 can cause permanent damage to the hair cells in the inner ear, leading to hearing loss. (Source: Hearing Loss.)

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36 FS Development 23 May 1996 Mig-19 Farmer defects into Suwon. (Source: 36th Fiends History.)

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Homosexual Abuse of Korean Children on Osan AB According to the Pyeongtaek History, William Yargas (?) of Osan AB visited the school for the physically and mentally handicapped in Jiwi-myeon, Habuk to play with the children. According to the director Chae Shil-ja, Yargas entertained the children with magic tricks and then invited them to the base for a hamburger. The children liked Yargas and he was allowed to take the children to base unsupervised. He took a 12-year old boy who could not talk, another 12-year old and a 16-year old with him. While on the base, he sexually assaulted the children. This went unreported and on 28 Sep 1996, he once again committed these acts. No other details on this incident nor the outcomes of the crime. (Source: Pyeongtaek City History CD, “Pyeongtaek Si Sa.”)

This crime was NOT publicized because of the highly sensitive nature. The sensational nature of this crime would end up with the irreparable harm to ROK welfare agencies and volunteer groups, destroying the children and having the USFK mired in the mud with massive anti-American protests at Osan AB. This crime was best kept low-profile. Though such acts against children are a crime under Korean law, the question of jurisdiction and the potential for extremely bad publicity weighed heavily in allowing the USFK to obtain SOFA jurisdiction to prosecute this matter internally as the crime was committed on the Osan AB premises. The best solution for this type of case was a change of venue to move this trial out of Korea and a guilty plea to keep the trial behind closed doors.
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Osan AB article in Sep 96 Airmen Magazine In an Sep 1996 Airmen Magazine: “Living on the Edge”article by Tech. Sgt. Ray Johnson stated:
But back on the Korean peninsula, the tense, moody atmosphere has remained undiminished-if not worse-since the signing of an uneasy 1953 truce. An example: Earlier this year, armed North Korean troops entered the demilitarized zone; days later, communist gunboats were intercepted off the South’s coastline. And periodic gunshots exchanged from both sides of the world’s most heavily armed border, confirm the two Koreas are still technically at war. Responsibility for keeping peace on this bitterly divided peninsula falls on, among others, Osan Air Base, located a mere 45 miles south of the DMZ.

Home to 7th Air Force headquarters and the 51st Fighter Wing, Osan plays a major role in the joint-service organization, U.S. Forces in Korea. Comprised of 37,000 U.S. airmen, soldiers, sailors and Marines USFK, which falls under the United Nations Command, ensures the 1953 armistice is kept. USFK tasks each service with a different mission. The 7th’s job: develop the total air campaign and reinforcement plans for the South’s defense. Additionally, it oversees mission readiness for more than 9,300 Air Force people based throughout the developing country.

If North Korea does invade again, 7th AF, as a coalition force component, would be “part of the answer,” said Brig. Gen. Robert Gatliff, vice commander of 7th AF and USFK. “Whatever happens, whatever actions are decided by U.S. and South Korean national command authorities, we’ll be part of the response,” said the general, a command pilot who flew 140 combat missions in Southeast Asia. Pausing, he added: “I sincerely hope nothing does happen. I hope nothing happens in my lifetime … in anybody’s lifetime. But if it does, we’re ready.”

The 51st FW-the most forward deployed Air Force wing in the world-would lead any aerial response to hostile actions taken by the North. Its assortment of F-16s, A/OA-10s and C-12s already provides combat-ready forces for close air support, counter air, interdiction and theater airlift. Obviously, preparation isn’t taken lightly by the base’s 7,000 airmen. “The focus is definitely on readiness here,” said Brig. Gen. Steven Polk, 51st FW commander. “We have a threat that is very well defined, and we must be geared for whatever is thrown our way,” he said, referring to North Korea’s arsenal of conventional, biological and suspected nuclear weapons. Polk, a former commander of 7th AF’s other large contingent, the 8th Fighter Wing at Kunsan AB, likened a tour on the peninsula as a “graduate degree in the Air Force.”

“For one year, people are completely immersed in the mission,” he said from his office at the base of Hill 180, where outnumbered Army soldiers led a do-or-die bayonet charge against Chinese forces so many years ago. “The people are immersed in how a unit becomes ready, and how everything fits together to result in combat capability and combat support.”

And, as the general noted, the 51st FW operates daily from the same area where it would do battle, especially fighter pilots flying close air support and air strike control. It seems South Korea has no comfort zone. Despite this bitter dose of hard reality, don’t expect Osan’s population to walk around muttering about doom and gloom. Instead, there’s an air of confidence as they believe they can handle whatever is thrown their way. And there is a clear understanding of why an American presence is needed, which makes “a world of difference,” Polk said.

That presence is especially needed now with the North facing increasing unrest. Since Kim Il Sung’s 1994 death, there has been no true North Korean head of state, even though his son was named a successor. No one seems to know who is really in charge as the economy collapses. Moreover, the world’s most isolated country has suffered from years of famine because of poor harvests, reportedly resulting in food riots.

The crisis has fueled rumors of the North Korean military pushing to invade its prosperous neighbor as a way of solving mounting problems. Which is why Osan needs data supplied by its tenant reconnaissance/intelligence units, such as the 5th Reconnaissance Squadron. Nicknamed the Blackcats, the 5th RS flies the gliderlike U-2s on daily missions that can last 11 or 12 hours. There’s no rest for a unit that delivers information capable of deciding a battle’s outcome. After two decades of being the warfighter’s eyes and ears in Korea, the 5th has flown more than 7,000 operational sorties.

Using data-link capabilities in near real-time, the 5th RS provides fresh images to the 607th Air Intelligence Squadron for dissemination to policy-makers and combat troops. Such responsibilities, said the 607th’s commander, quickly matures his younger troops. “In one year at Osan, our newest people will learn more about their jobs than they would in four or five years stateside,” said Lt. Col. Rich Gibaldi, commander of the 607th. “And that’s because of the constant activity here. This is where intelligence members can fully understand and appreciate their role in the Air Force. “Being at a remote base,” he added, “offers them an opportunity to grow personally and professionally that they wouldn’t receive elsewhere.”

Even though Osan, located next to Songtan–a part of Pyongtaek City–is considered a remote assignment, a stroll down the base’s main drag says otherwise. There, the aroma of American fast-food restaurants pulls in hungry customers, especially students attending a Department of Defense high school across the street. Considering Osan’s mission and locale, many newcomers are astonished to see family members, especially children. After all, word has it that Osan is an unaccompanied tour. Not so; the base has nearly 400 accompanied slots, primarily for mission-essential positions. Not surprisingly, many sponsors think twice before bringing their families to Osan. But Gatliff, who lives on base with his wife, stressed “people shouldn’t be afraid to come here.”

Ada McGrevey, wife of Lt. Col. Mike McGrevey, admits she was initially hesitant about bringing her son, Kyle, 15, and daughter, Mandy, 9, to Osan. Just days before the family departed stateside in 1994, Kim Il Sung died, causing an uproar on the peninsula. “We didn’t bring a thing we couldn’t leave if need be,” Ada recalled, talking as she walked Mandy to her piano teacher’s house in Songtan. “Yes, I was very hesitant about coming, but having the family together was more important. And we really have enjoyed our stay. Kyle and Mandy have experienced so much that they couldn’t back in the States.” Kyle, who won a $4,000 college scholarship this spring, is one of 250 students attending Osan’s new $12 million high school. In past years, teen-agers attended classes at Yongsan Garrison in Seoul, leaving home early in the morning and returning late at night. Because of South Korea’s sometimes hectic traffic, one-way trips could last three hours. It also meant few Osan students participated in extracurricular activities such as football or band, causing them to miss much of what stateside teen-agers take for granted.

The new school, which opened last August, has made a significant difference, said principal Jim Szoka. “For one thing, our school isn’t as large as Yongsan’s,” said Szoka, an educator in the Department of Defense school system for 15 years. “The benefits of a smaller school are that you have more personal contact with students. We can give individualized attention to every kid.” And though the school can’t offer every desired subject, students can use the Internet to take distance learning education classes.

More community upgrades are planned for the future. Osan, with its 37 dorms, is second only to Lackland AFB, Texas, in the number of single/unaccompanied living quarters, and three new dorms are under construction at the Korean base. By the turn of the century, enlisted dorms will be refurbished to include not only the common areas, but also new furniture for the majority of the 9,700 rooms. Contrary to belief, Osan troops don’t live in Quonset huts or tents, which is what Airman Ken Horn believed he would find upon arrival. Horn, an egress technician on his first assignment, thought Osan would be “like old re-runs of the TV show, ‘M.A.S.H.’ ” Instead, he lives in a modern dorm within walking distance of a new NCO club. Inside, he frequents a huge arcade stuffed with electronic games the younger crowd appreciates. “The quality of life here is so much better than I thought,” he said.

Gatliff, 7th AF’s vice commander since June 1995, said quality of life ranks only behind the mission on his list of priorities, adding that a “considerable” amount of time, effort and money is being devoted to people projects on the peninsula. (SITE NOTE: We took the liberty to join the short magazine/news style paragraphs to fit the historical “style” of this site, however, the content has remained unchanged.)
5th Reconnaissance Squadron Sets Landmarks
Feb 1996 — 5 RS, Osan AB, South Korea flys the 2000th (9 hour mission) Recconnaissance mission using Advanced Synthetic Aperature Radar system (ASARS) (CW)
Feb 1996 — The U-2 passes the 20 year mark operating at Osan AB, South Korea, This event was celebrated on 27 April 1996 (CW)
(Source: Blackbirds Timeline.)
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31st SOS Wins Maintenance Award Deputy Secretary of Defense John P. White presented the 1996 Secretary of Defense Maintenance Awards during a Pentagon ceremony June 13, 1996. The Maintenance Awards recognize annually the most significant weapon system and equipment maintenance achievements within the Department of Defense.

The 31st Special Operation Squadron was recognized. “The 170 maintenance personnel of this unit at Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea, distinguished themselves by accomplishing superior aircraft maintenance supporting numerous Joint Chiefs of Staff- directed exercises and joint/combined exercise training events, local exercises, and training sorties. Despite experiencing an 85 percent turnover in personnel during a 12-month period, the squadron performed outstandingly. Intense on-the-job training quickly reversed a high inexperience level, enabling the unit to meet or exceed all its tasks.” (Source: Defense Link: 1996.)
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Two ROKAF personnel perform an integrated combat turn for a ROKAF fighter on the flightline, a task they excelled at in SABRE SPIRIT 96.

Sabre Spirit 96 (July 1996) The following is an article about Sabre Spirit 96 held at Osan AB. The PACAF article SABRE SPIRIT COMPETITION STRENGTHENS KOREAN – U.S. TIES read:

Cooperative engagement between U.S. and Republic of Korea (ROK) forces has long been a key to maintaining peace and security on the Korean peninsula. Members of both nations’ air forces put that cooperation on display during Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) SABRE SPIRIT competition in July 1996.

Held at Osan Air Base, ROK, the competition tested the combat armament assembly and aircraft servicing skills of Korean and American participants. Taking part were PACAF teams from Misawa and Kadena Air Bases (AB), Japan; Eielson and Elmendorf Air Force Bases (AFB), Alaska; Osan and Kunsan ABs, ROK; and Andersen AFB, Guam. The 19th Fighter Wing from Jung Won Air Base represented the ROK Air Force (ROKAF).

Andersen and Jung Won Air Bases teamed up and combined points because Andersen has no assigned fighters. The USAF’s Andersen team competed in the combat armament assembly category while the ROKAF’s Jung Won personnel performed combat aircraft servicing.

The match was a good one. “They attended our events and we [attended] theirs. The support was obvious, and it helped our morale,” said ROKAF Capt. Park Jon Hoo, leader of the Korean team.

“They were very professional and extremely enthusiastic,” added 1st Lt. George Salyer, officerincharge of Andersen’s team. “I’m sure the relationship we developed here will be built on in future exercises like this.”

Similar ROK-U.S. interaction has taken place for four decades, and has helped maintain a fragile ceasefire with north Korea. The result is a close relationship with the ROK and a contribution to stability throughout Northeast Asia. Other military interactions between the two nations have included exercises TEAM SPIRIT, ULCHI FOCUS LENS, and FOAL EAGLE.

SABRE SPIRIT competition tested the two air forces’ abilities to conduct Integrated Combat Turns (ICT), which are vital wartime skills involving building and loading bombs and missiles, as well as receiving, rearming, and relaunching fighter aircraft.

The Combat Armament Assembly competition category included three skill areas:

?Munitions buildup, which required teams to assemble 21 MK82 lowdrag bombs in 40 minutes or less using the Rapid Assembly Munitions System.
?Combat resupply and assembly, which required teams to break out and assemble 18 MK82 highdrag bombs and eight CBU87 cluster bombs, then load them on munitions trailers.
?Missile breakout and loading, which called for teams to remove eight AIM9M missiles from containers, do minor assembly, then secure them to munitions trailers in 20 minutes or less.
The second major competition category, Close Air Support (CAS), consisted of conducting ICTs. In both categories, judges scored teams on speed, safety and procedures.

“This competition is very tight and critical. Every technical order, step and procedure is critical to success,” said ROKAF Master Sgt. Chang Seop Lee, the ROKAF team’s Noncommissioned Officer in Charge.

The Koreans won first place in the ICT category. Their Andersen teammates captured the missile breakout and assembly award. The Eielson AFB F16 and A10 team was the overall winner.

More valuable than awards and titles, however, was the sharing of techniques and a search for procedural improvements. “That’s the whole reason for SABRE SPIRIT,” said Chief Master Sgt. (CMSgt.) Howard DeMotta. “That’s how our techniques improve and changes are made to our technical orders and published guidance.”

CMSgt. DeMotta is the weapons functional manager at Headquarters PACAF, Hickam AFB, Hawaii, and Deputy Project Officer for SABRE SPIRIT 96. He said conducting the event at Osan AB had distinct advantages.

“The reason for having it at Osan is because this is a frontline location for Pacific Air Forces. Additionally, this is where our folks get a good understanding of the obstacles they could face in a realworld environment. In a time of conflict, a monsoon isn’t going to stop us from putting munitions together and servicing an aircraft for a combat sortie. We need Osan’s type of weather to stay sharp.”

Capt. Park concluded, “This was an excellent chance for us to share experience and knowledge with the American airmen…we’ve never had so much experience with our American counterparts. It was interesting to see how they did things [in terms of] the use of resources and facilities.” (TSgt Jesse Hall, USAF, SSgt Joe Bela, USAF, and SSgt Guy Volb, USAF contributed to this article.)

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ROK Developments In Aug. 1996 Roh was convicted on bribery charges, and Chun was convicted for bribery as well as his role in the 1979 coup and the 1980 crackdown on rioters. In 1997, an accumulation of corrupt business practices and bad loans led to a series of bankruptcies and a massive devaluation of South Korea’s currency. The political instability that followed helped former dissident Kim Dae Jung become the first South Korean president ever to be elected from the political opposition.

On April 16, 1996, Presidents Clinton and Kim invited the D.P.R.K. and the People’s Republic of China to participate in Four-Party peace talks with the U.S. and R.O.K. on the future of the Korean Peninsula. Following six preparatory meetings, the first Four-Party plenary session took place in Geneva in December 1997, with subsequent sessions in March 1998, October 1998, January 1999, April 1999, and August 1999. Beginning in January 1999, the four parties have focused their efforts on achieving progress in two subcommittees focusing respectively on tension reduction on the Korean Peninsula and the establishment of a permanent peace regime there that would replace the 1953 military armistice.
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1997
Songtan Designated Special Tourism Zone Songtan was designated a Special Tourism Zone in May 1997. The area cover 490 sq meters. This designates only the Shinjang Shopping Mall area in which the businesses including restaurants were granted special incentives to set up operations in the area. (NOTE: Itaewon (Sep 1997) and Tongduchon (Jan 1997) were also designated a Special Tourism Zone. These areas are known as small scale shopping meccas for American military. Other areas were Pusan Haewoondae (August 1994); Taejon Yousung (August 1994); Kangwon Taegwanryong (January 1997); Sorak (August 1994); Chungbuk Sooanbo hot spring (January 1997); Sokri Mt. (January 1997); Chungnam Asan hot spring (January 1997); Boryong beach (January 1997); Chonbuk Muju goochondong (January 1997); Jeongwup Naejang Mt. (January 1997); Chonnam Goorye (January 1997); Kyongbuk Kyongju (August 1994); Baekam hot spring (January 1997); Kyongnam Bukok hot spring (January 1997); Miruk Island (January 1997); Cheju Cheju Island (August 1994). Note the areas that were identified in 199 4 and the next batch was 1997.)

Korea at the time was seeking to improve the infrastructure (tourist hotels) and provide the organization to commit funds for the upcoming Visit Korea promotions of 2001 and World Cup Games in 2002. Local officials through the Provincial governors identified areas designated as tourism zones — national parks, natural scenic spots, recreational facilities, etc. The government would then provide tax incentives to areas designated for revitalization — and commit funds on a priority basis. There were also efforts to attract foreign investment to fund these improvements.

Opening of Songtan Special Tourism Zone (1997)

A Special Tourism Zone designates an area planned as a hub of international tourist attractions in accordance with Article 67 of the Tourism Promotion Law. The head of a city/provincial government may recommend one area among tourist complexes or tourist sites in his or her region that possesses great potential as a centre of international tourism. Restrictions on businesses operating within Special Tourism Zones are eased to facilitate the development of tourism resources. In order to promote international tourism activities within the Special Tourism Zones, tourist businesses (including restaurants) are granted priority in the provision of resources from the Tourism Promotion and Development Fund, with an easing of restrictions. But increasing numbers of Special Tourism Zones, with some covering an entire city or province, make it difficult for the government to provide substantial financial support to all the zones. Consequently, for the purpose of revitalizing the zones, the government plans to initiate an evaluation system and differential support. As of 19 June 1999, 19 Special Tourism Zones had been designated nationwide. (Source: UNESCAP.)
Address: Sinjang1(il)-dong, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do Management office : 031-659-4134
Description: It is an International City which has grown based upon the Camp site of American Forces In Korea, K-55. It draws more than 230 thousand tourists annually. Foreigners are densely populated around K-55. It is center of shopping malls and entertainment facilities for foreigners. Geopolitically, it is very important area.
Facilities: Tourists Facilities 50 (Tourist Hotel, Tourist Theater, Restaurants, Entertainment restaurant exclusively for foreigners, Travel Agent) General facilities 2,635(Restaurants, Rest restaurants, Entertainment restaurants, Karaoke, Korean Commercial Singing Establishment, Accommodations, etc.) Cultural Events: – Culture Festival in Sinjang Shopping Mall on Feb (2 times a Month) – Songtan Tourist Special Area memorial festival in Autumn
Tourist Attraction: – Sinjang-dong Shopping Mall 275m road exclusively for pedestrian from K-55 to railroad side. You will have time not only to enjoy shopping but also relax. – Seojeong-dong Culture Avenue A road in front of Songtan Chuljangso. Cherry flowers blossome around April and May. Various cultural events are held. – Burak Mountain Low mountain. There is a exclusive way for bicycle. Many holidayers visit here during weekends.
Road Direction: Seoul -> Nat’l road No.1 -> 70Km(60mins. required) Gyeongbu Expressway Osan I.C -> Nat’l road No.1 -> Songtan Seohaean(Southen) Expressway Seopyongtaek I.C -> Nat’l road No.38 to Pyongtaek -> Pyongtaek Downtown -> Nat’l road No.1 to Osan -> Songtan
Transportation: Take a bus No. 1, 2, 1-1, 2-1, 2-2 at Pyeongtaek Station. (15mins. required)
Accommodation: (KNTO Recommended) Songtan Tourist Hotel 97 rooms 031-666-5101 // Sinjang-dong Yeongcheon Tourist Hotel 60 rooms 031-663-4001 // Prince Tourist Hotel 60 rooms 031-611-6000 // O-san Tourist Hotel 55 rooms 031-664-8960

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Population (1997) — Pyongtaek-Songtan: 348,012 (Source: Population: Korea) Note that the population for the Pyongtaek area remained static in the 300,000 range from 1997-2005 due to infrastructure problems dealing mainly with housing and the slow growth in the industrial zones. The big dreams of the Songtan ‘Special Tourism Zone” fizzled with the IMF fiasco in mid-1997, but that’s not the whole story. The explanation lies in a combination of factors. The 1992 China diplomatic ties and exodus of small/mid-sized businesses to China in mid-1990s (because of rising Korean labor costs and decreased productivity because of labor unrest) instead of relocating to the “country” industrial zones. In addition, the constant labor unrest and rising wage demands resulted in many small and mid-sized businesses turning to foreign workers as a solution. In the Pyeongtaek area, there was an explosion of foreign workers — especially in the dairy, chicken and agricultural companies — when the Korean workers shunned the “3-D” jobs (dirty, dangerous, demeaning) in the mid-1990s.

In addition, there was the continued lack of infrastructure (road, rail and harbor) that was not resolved until the early 2000s. In addition, the 1994 nuclear brinksmanship of Kim Il-sung scaring everyone with threats of turning Seoul into a “sea of fire” had a dampening effect on the overall economy. After the IMF fiasco, companies went bankrupt such as the Pyeongtaek SSyangyong car company which Hyundai picked up until it too went bankrupt. The job market was depressed and though the ROK economy rebounded and the IMF loans were repaid ahead of schedule, there were serious problems with the economy that could no longer be masked. Thus population in the Pyeongtaek area remained around 300,000. Domestic construction (apartments) was basically flatline.
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ROK Development and the Pyeongtaek Area In 1995, the Korean automotive industry was ranked as the fifth largest automotive producer in the world, with over a million units of export. the industry also recieved a stronger and more noticeable presence in the Korean national economy, occupying a share of 8 percent of total exports and 9.6 percent of the total employment in manufacturing industies. (A Handbook of Korea, 1999, p247)

In the Pyeongtaek area, Kia and Ssayong have automotive plants in the Pyeongtaek area. Ssayong was the first to feel the pinch from over-expansion and went into bankruptcy — and was bailed out by being purchased by Kia Motors, the second largest assembler. But then the Korean auto industry was plunged into a severe slump after Kia Motor Corp went bankrupt and the Korean exchange market collapsed in late 1997. In fact, Kia Motors’ bankruptcy was rooted in Kia Group’s excessive investment in its steel and construction industries rather than in the automotive industry. Ssayong went into receivership.

The overall domestic sales were edging downward after the two-digit growth rate the Korean assemblers enjoyed in the domestic market since Korea’s rapid motorization of the late 1980s. The IMF Crisis caused a drastic drop in domestic sales. (ibid, p247) (NOTE: The automotive industries recovered easily as there was growing motorization in developing countries in South East Asia and China and basically, the automotive companies were in good shape. Ssayong has recovered as its own master in 2005 with the popularity of SUVs in the 2000s. Kia again has assumed its position as the number 2 assembler in Korea taking advantage of the Korean trend for smaller mini-cars.)

Following the opening of China in 1992, the companies started to investigate joint ventures with Chinese companies for the manufacture of vehicles to fill the growing middle-class demand for vehicles. However, the impact to the Pyeongtaek area was minimal as the areas car manufacturers were aimed primarily at filling the needs of domestic consumption or exports to South East Asia.

During the IMF Crisis, most small and medium general machinery firms faced hard times due to the difficulty of financing. As a result many small and medium general machinery firms went bankrupt.

The Korean cement industry, faced a shortage of supply from the late 1980s due to the sharp increase in domestic consumption. After an excess demand in the early 1990s, the cement industry had seen a decrease in the import of cement after 1993. Despite the slowdown caused by the IMF Crisis, the government continued to support the expansion of the Pyeongtaek area’s local, regional and national industrial zones. There was an excess in supply following the downturn in construction. The cement industry was formed of nine enterprises producing over 1000 thousand ton in 1997 Korea-wide. The construction of the industrial zones would continue until 2000 when most neared completion. (ibid, p253)

The construction industries nationwide faced hard times with the IMF Crisis. The stagnancy of business activities in the real estate and building markets depressed the private construction market. In particular, the demand for industrial and commercial buildings were greatly decreased. Jobless rates climbed in the construction industry. (ibid, p253)

In 1987 with the start of labor unrest, the rates of wage increases at a high double-digit rate. Since 1992, however, the rate slowed and from 1997, it dropped sharply back down to single digit figures due to the IMF Crisis. In 1997, the average Korean workers’s monthly nominal wagte level was 1,463 million won (US $1,200). (ibid, p291)

In Korea, there are labor unions at individual companies, unions for entire industries, and unions with nationwide representation. Since company-level unions are the most prevalent type, collective bargainning is mostly held at this level, although occasionally other unions may join in support. (ibid, p297)

Prior to June 29, 1987, collective bargaining and other joint labor activities were severely restricted by the governmnet’s policy of suppressing mass labor movements. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, there had been few incidences of strikes or other labor disturbances — despite an increse in the number of wage earners as a result of rapid economic growth — a fact which indicates that labor activities were heavily regulated or repressed. (ibid, p295)

Between 1987 to 1989, there was a change in the labor relations between management and workers. Not only did confrontations with management multiply, but unions became more organized and powerful, while membership rose steadily. (ibid, p295)

Labor relations became confrontations in the 1990s. In 1996, the Presidential Commission on Industrial Relations Reform was formed. In 1998, the Tripartite Commission represented labor, management and the government at table. Unfortunately there is only one legally recognized union the Federation of Korea Trade Unions (FKTU) which was considered conservative. In response, the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU) was formed in 1995 — and represented at the Tripartite Commission, even though quasi-illegal. (ibid, p296)

By June 1987 union membership stood at 1,050,000 and rose to 1,267,000 by the end of the year. Membership continued to rise until 1989 it stood at 1,932,000. Union membership began to drop off in the 1990s and 2000s, a trend which continues. There are a number of reasons to explain why the union membership began to decline. As korea’s economy shifted away from its labor-intensive industrial base, many manufacturing jobs — in which unions were havily represented — were lost. Also, workers themselves lost interest in the labor movement as their pay and working conditions continued to improve. (ibid, pp294)

The IMF Crisis in 1997 saw the number of small and medium size company bankruptcies increasing and a resultant increase in unemployment rates. Many of these companies went into bankruptcy owing their workers back wages. (NOTE: Without a “safety net” — American-style unemployment insurance — there were more and more people found living in the subways. In Korea, homeless rates is not counted — though it exists and is well-publicized. But Korea does NOT want to involve itself into this social welfare program because of the drains on public funds.)

On the part of the manufacturers in the small and medium size companies, many started to move their companies off-shore with the opening of diplomatic ties with China in 1992. To them, it was a God-send for two reasons: (1) it opened a new and growing market as China started to become consumer-oriented demanding modern products; and (2) it opened up a solution to the ever-increasing wages of workers that reduced the profit levels and competitive pricing of products. The first to move was the major chaebols — especially in low-tech industries. It soon found that cheap labor also had the drawback of lack of technical sophistication in the Chinese workers. The move was not immediate for small and medium sized companies because the IMF Crisis of 1997 had locked up funding for expansion. The real shift did not occur until the early 2000s.

Once Korea was back on its feet after repaying its IMF loans, the low-tech small and medium size businesses moved off-shore to China to take advantage of the limitless cheap labor source. (NOTE: Though the IMF Crisis is past, the major complaint is that Korea still has failed to resolve many of the root problems that created the IMF Crisis in the first place.)

Along with this expanded China trade, the opening of Pyeongtaek Harbor as a link to Chinese ports was initiated and a ferry and cargo container facility opened in the 1990s.

Aside from the IMF Crisis impacts, the agriculture side of Pyeongtaek’s economy remained stable, but there were major changes afoot. Korean agriculture and agricultural policies are centered on rice. Rice is often considered a political commodity, since it is a staple food and about 80 percent of all farms cultivate rice. Korea produces most of its domestic consumption of rice. (ibid, p275) However, the Korean tastes had changed over the years and there was a declining demand for rice.

The government which had propped up the rice market over the years by buying high from the farmers and selling low to the consumers had resulted in a rice glut in the government warehouses in the 1990s. Cultivated areas for rice increased gradually from 1970 to 1990 and then declined in the mid-1990s as the rice glut hit. In the mid 1990s, there were record crops and the government warehouses were overflowing. (NOTE: In 2000, the Kim Dae-jung administration found a way to clear the warehouses by sending surplus rice to the North as humanitarian aid.) As a result, the government attempted to move the farmers into specialty crops. Competitiveness Enhancement Programs in 1994 and the Comprehensive Program for Rice Industry Promotion in 1996, rice policies aimed at more market-oriented programs by allowing larger seasonal fluctuations in price. (ibid, p276)

The Uruguay Round Agreement (GATT) required the implementation of a minimum market access of 1 to 4 percent of the total consumption in the beriod between 1994-2004. However, the rice farmers faced a crisis as the WTO (World Trade Organization) agreement gave the farmers only a ten-year dispensation to switch to specialty crops before the market would have to open to international competition in 2005 — without government subsidies.

Many moved into nursery products (flowers) and zucchini, but rice still remained a prime agricultural product. Another growing market was the Koreans taste for beef (hamburger, steaks) and chicken which stimulated the growth of dairy farms where cattle were raised in pens. To reduce the labor costs, many foreign workers were imported into the area to offset the reluctance of Koreans to engage in 3-D labor. The area has shown a steady increase as Korean demand for beef and chicken continued to rise in the 1990s and 2000s. Korea imports beef and milk, but maintains self-sufficiency in chicken, and exports pork to Japan. Increases in consumption of chicken, pork and milk increased rapidly in the early 1990s, but stabilized in the late 1990s. Beef consumption continued to increase in the 1990s and 2000s as incomes continued to rise. (ibid, p278) However, the expansion was not without controversy. In 1990 under the GATT, the US and Korea made arrangements that the US beef would be granted MFN (Most-Favored Nation) status, but this soon fell apart as the local industry grew. Soon the major beef producers of the US, Australia and New Zealand all complained that there was protectionism through government import regulations that violated the WTO agreements.
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Telecommunications trunk lines upgraded for K-55 (Osan) and K-6 (Camp Humphreys) (1997)(Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)
Expansion of the Information and Communications Sector In the early 1990s, the telecommunications lines were considered “dirty” and computer linkages were very limited anywhere in Korea. This meant that such things that Americans took for granted like ATM machines were NOT available in Korea. In addition, things like credit cards were also limited to the Korean public because there was no way to have reliable “real-time” computer connections of digital data. The ROK had NOT entered the Information Technology era. But once the ROK started on its master plan to upgrade itself to an IT society by 2010, the conversion was swift and immediate.

In the mid-1990s, the ROK entered the telecommunications industry as an export nation and in a short time had upgraded Korea into an IT (Information Technology) powerhouse — by upgrading the school computer training and hardware. In 1994, the information and communications industry’s contributions to economic growth was 20.6 percent outpacing the auto industry’s 6.6 percent. Moreover, based on its technology-intensiveness, the information and communications industry created jobs by fostering venture firms and contributed to improving the trade imbalance. The Korean government devised a plan called the “Transition to Information Society” (Informationization). The plan was to build Korea’s Information Infrastructure by 2010. (A Handbook of Korea, 1999, p310)

Though the USFK had upgraded its computer systems in the late 1980s, the off-base hookups were the limiting factor in implementing major computer systems interconnections between units in Korea. Though the ROK upgraded its telecommunications systems using fiber-optics and other advanced systems, these fiber-optic systems were mainly for KNR railway-communication networks. The advances came when Korea became partners in joint-ventures with such companies as Motorola in the manufacturing of telecommunications systems. These systems were installed in the Korea Telecom systems and soon all of Korea’s lines were improved to a level that national computer interfaces were possible. (NOTE: The Koreans then started exporting these “inexpensive” switching systems to developing countries such as Manchuria. However, it should be noted that the Korean system and American systems are based on different technologies and not compatible. This is why one must buy/rent a Korean handphone for use in Korea.)

On all the USFK bases, the telecommunications was handled by the military Communications units and the units were all interconnected for computer usage by the early 1990s. However, because the Korea Telecom lines were “dirty” inter-unit communication was limited to using microwave transmission. However, once the lines off-base were “cleaned up,” the Army microwave transmission units (long-line units) that had been in operation for twenty years were rendered obsolete. As a result, in 1997, the US Army microwave links between the USFK bases were permanently shutdown and commercial telephone lines substituted. In addition, military communications were previously sent by microwave to Pusan and then via cable to a satellite uplink from Tsushima island in Japan. With the new lines, the USFK was able to establish satellite communications interconnectivity directly from its bases in Korea.

Seojong Elementary Computer Lab (1998) (Seojong Elementary 80th Anniversary Book (2003))
By 1997, personal computers were spreading rapidly as the telecommunications lines were upgraded nationally and youngsters became computer-literate making Korea number 1 in IT world-wide in 2005. The PC Bang (PC Room) use was a new phenomenon and every block seemed to have a PC Bang set up. In addition, the explosion also amounted to PCs and Notebooks amounted to about 15 percent of the computer market. By 2005, the availability of computers made it almost universal in homes with children. Then the IT sector for telephone communication exploded in the 2000s with the phenomena of the mobile phone. In the 1990s, it was rather bulky and people carried it in a holster on one’s belt. It was the first-generation “refrigerator” model and the versions soon shrank to pocket size versions — and in the 2000s the innovations of computer games, cameras and tv use had increased its popularity. Like the rest of the world, the Korean populace was addicted to its phones and PCs.

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Checking the drainage ditches surrounding Osan AB for signs of pollution. (1997) (Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)

Checking the drainage ditches surrounding Osan AB for signs of pollution. (1997) (Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)

Environmental Protection In 1990, the legal framework for environmental management in Korea was entirely rewritten. The former Environmental Preservation Act was divided into four new relevant acts: The Air Quality Preservaton Act, the Water Quality Preservation Act, the Noise and Vibration Control Act and the Toxic Chemicals Control Act. Two major new acts were passed as well: the Basic Environment Policy Act, which provides fundamental environmental policy direction, and the Environmental Dispute Settlement Act, which provides for the fair settlement of disputes due to environmental pollution. (Source: A Handbook of Korea, 1999, pp170-171)

The Government also made changes to ensure effective and comprehensive water quality management. The water supply and sewage systems, which had previously been controlled by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, and potable water management, previously controlled by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, were integrated under the directive of the Ministry of Environmnet 9MOENV) in 1994. Following a major structural overhaul of the Korean governmnet on December 7, 1994, the MOENV was granted greater authority, and its executive functions were greatly strengthened. (ibid, pp171)

Pollution became a high interest item dealing with the SOFA. In 1990, the ROK government formed the first-ever Environmental Protection Agency, but soon gutted it and turned its operations over to the provinces who in turn simply pushed the responsibilities for environmental protection down to the “city” level. The cities then attempted to work with the bases in the area to resolve problems. In 2001, the USFK agreed to modify the SOFA to ensure the USFK compliance with ROK pollution standards and had started to cooperate with local environmental agencies to resolve problems. (ibid, pp171)

NGO environmental activist groups have targeted the USFK bases for protests over the slightest infraction — from oil spills to noise pollution. For example, a Green Korea United cited Albert MacFarland, a supervisor at Yongsan’s mortuary, for allegedly ordering a Korean-American employee to pour formaldehyde down the drain and into the Han River on Feb. 9, 2000.. What makes this issue an obvious political issue aimed at the USFK is because the ROK itself has acted on its MASSIVE pollution scandals with punishments of only superficial fines or minor jail sentences. For example, in the early 1990s, the residents of Pusan complained of a strange taste and smell of the water. The government stated it was safe and not to worry. Private investigators broke the story that a chemical waste plant was dumping the toxic waste directly into the Naktong River and it appeared that there was a government coverup. The story was squelched and a minor manager was sentenced to jail time with no more said — no apologies on the part of the government or anything. Soon after, the Koreans ALL started to drink bottled water which created another problem due to availability of the finite resource. Thus the home-filtration industry was started. Another example of this double standard was when a ROK company buried over 46,000 TONS of toxic waste near the Hantan River and received only a fine. It had turned political.

In recent years, the NGO activists have turned to noise pollution as a cause as well. A suit was filed in the Korean courts in 2004. What makes these issues touchy is that the USFK is NOT responsible to the city for the pollution, but rather responsible to the Ministry of Defense under the SOFA agreements. This has created a problem whereby the bases can be fined in a civil suit, but the ROK must REQUEST the base pay a share of the judgement. In cases such as the Kooni-Range that was shut down, the USFK has refused to pay the fines as it was a political judgement — unfortunately supported by the ROK government.

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The following are photos by Jack Terwiel posted to the Osan Retired Activities Office.

AF Village (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
Billeting (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

Burger King (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
Commissary (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

Osan AB High School (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
Officers’ Club (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

Dorms (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
Hospital (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

Chapel (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
Challenger Club (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

BX (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
BX (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

Food Court (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
Library (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

Mini-Mall (1997) (Jack Terwiel)
Pool (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

PSS Book Store (NOTE: The Pacific Stars and Stripes book store had a larger selection than now in the AAFES BX because the AAFES book selection is controlled by the contractor — not the customer as it was under the PSS. However, the low volume of sales mandated that it had outlived its usefulness.) (1997) (Jack Terwiel)

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U-2 in “In-flight Mishap” 80-1099 art.#099 (Bult as TR-1A*, 3 Oct 1989; Reconfigured as U-2S, Aug 1995) Involved in “in-flight mishap” at Osan AB, Korea in May 1997, landed safely, aircraft shipped back to Palmdale, CA for structural rebuild on 1 Nov. 1997. (Source: Blackbirds: U-2 Tail Number)

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36 FS Development

21 Jan 1997 While on a training mission over Pilsung, an F-16 loses its engine. Pilot successfully SFO’s into Wonju uneventfully.
29 Apr 1997 Fiends’ first Night Vision Goggle sortie, flown with 4949L NVG’s.
10 May 1997 HQ PACAF ORI / Fiends receive Excellent.
(Source: 36th Fiends History.)

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1998

Songbuk Elementary School (1998) (Songbuk Elementary School)

On 7 Jul 1998, the Taegwang High School had 12 normal calsses and 12 business/office automation classes. These would be roughly equivalent to the U.S. college-prep classes and vocational training classes for those not intending to go on to college. However, the face of education was changing and by 10 Jul 2001, there were 12 normal classes and 12 business/office automation classes, with 6 internet infromation and communication classes. The computer classes was part of the Information Technology (IT) drive by the Korean government started in 1990 that had made Korea into one of the highest level countries in computer literacy.
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Shopping in Shinjang Mall: Jah Works Band Jah Works Band was on a Pacific Tour of military bases in Korea and stopped by to do some shopping at Osan. They commented, “The other highlight for me had to be shopping in Osan. When we played our last show on Sunday at Osan Air Base, we had the afternoon free to hit the markets and shops right outside the gate of the base. Right outside, there were endless alleyways and sidestreets, clogged with shop after shop of clothing, china, chopsticks, etc. etc. I was able to score two Philadelphia Eagles throwback jerseys, a Harold Carmichael in green, and a Randall Cunningham in white, for $20.00 a piece. Whoa!!! Now I will have the right gear to wear on Eagles Sundays from now on! Yeah Baby, BIRDS all the WAY! I also found a wicked sweatsuit, with the label KINGSTON 12, which is a neighborhood in Kingston, Jamaica. Roc ended up getting the same suit, so look for us to coordinate some night on stage once we get back to Baltimore and the weather cools off a bit. These suits cost all of $45.00 U.S. What a steal!!! If I hadn’t lost my ATM card in Guam, I probably woulda broke the bank shopping here, so I truly believe everything happens for a reason. Hehehe.”

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Osan AB Newcomer’s Orientation of Local Area by Yi Kyong-Chu. (NOTE: Taken in front of Kasey Lee’s (Yi Kyong-chu) Tailor Shop across from Main Gate) (1998) (Pyeongtaek City) (Source: Pyeongtaek History (CD), Pyeongtaek Si Sa)

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View of Songtan from Capitol Hotel (1998) (Joe ?)

October 1, 1998: Dongs that were too little were abolished and incorporated into each other by Pyeongtaek-si Ordinance No. 353 (Promulgated on October 1)
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Shinjang Shopping Mall The Shinjang Shopping mall area was upgraded into a true shopping mall and blocked cars from pedestrian traffic mall area. However, mall not completely blocked and cars still enter from side roads. Facilties are upgraded and the mall starts to take on the appearance of a real mall with upscale shops opening. Tailor-made clothes and small clothing shops are relegated to the side streets.

Shinjang Shopping Mall (1998) (Joe ?)
Shinjang Shopping Mall (1998) (Joe ?)

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F-16 Crashes

25 Mar 1998 Capt Keith ‘Sandman’ Sands, 36th FS, is killed when his F-16 crashes into the Yellow Sea on a training mission in R-80.

Capt Keith “Sandman” Sands (F-16 Viper)

24 Aug 1998 F-16 tail number 519 loses its engine in the northern part of Pilsung range. Pilot is recovered in the East Sea uninjured.

(Source: 36th Fiends History.)
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36 FS Development 36 FS Development Feb 1998 D-Flight remodels Quents, installs red/black tile on bar.

29 Jul 1998 Fiends deploy 6 F-16′s to Paya Labar Airbase to participate in Commando Sling 98-6. (Source: 36th Fiends History.)

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President Clinton Visits Osan AB President Clinton visited Osan AB on a Korean visit between November 20-22, 1998. He met with President Kim Dae Jung and addressed U.S. military personnel at Osan AB.

President Clinton at Osan (22 Nov 03) (Nara.gov)

The following is an excerpt of President Clinton’s speech to the military personnel at Osan on 22 Nov 1998.

What I have to say to you is simple. I am very proud of the work you do — U.S. Forces Korea, the 7th Air Force, the 51st Fighter wing, all the 607th Group, the 631st Air Mobility Support Squadron, the soldiers and airmen, the sailors, and Marines, the Korean military personnel who are here — all of you. And I came, more than anything else, to say on behalf of all the American people, we thank you for your service to the United States. (Applause.)

As I also look at this vast sea of highly representative and diverse faces, I am reminded that it was 50 years ago this year, in 1948, when President Harry Truman courageously ordered the integration of America’s Armed Forces. Now our Armed Forces are a model of unity and diversity for the entire world — people of different origins coming together, working together, for the common good.

I am proud of that, and so should you be, because though Harry Truman made the decision 50 years ago, it is you 50 years later who have fulfilled his vision and made it work. Osan Air Base is a community with stores and restaurants, homes, and classrooms. In fact, back at the White House, we looked on the Internet and found the page of the Osan American High School. Listen to this. This is what the students modestly described their website as. They said it is, “the most masterfully designed high school website of them all.” (Applause.) I want to commend the designer for his or her extraordinary confidence. (Laughter.)

I’d also like to commend the Department of Defense school system, one of the unsung heroes of our military service. I thank the teachers and the administrators here and throughout the world for your commitment to our children’s future.

Osan Air Base is an important symbol of our commitment to liberty. It was just a few miles from here that United States soldiers first engaged enemy forces in the ground combat of the summer of 1950. And Americans gave their lives in the Korean War on the very grounds of this base. And Osan Air Base is a vital post in our ongoing determined effort to protect that liberty, shoulder to shoulder with our strong Korean allies.

No one should doubt today our joint commitment to freedom. It is stronger than ever. And Korea under the leadership of President Kim Dae-Jung, embodies that, for he as well as any person alive knows that the struggle for freedom requires strength, courage, and a lifetime of dedication.

President Kim faced prison and persecution, death threats and death sentences, because he stood up for his belief in democracy and because he would not give up his hope that true democracy could flourish here in Korea. Now our countries work together more closely than ever before for peace and human rights around the world. And none of that could happen without you, the American and Korean military forces. (Applause.)

You have maintained the peace for 45 years. And let me say, again not so much to you because you know it, but through you and the media here to all of the American people back home — sometimes it’s easy to forget that even in peacetime, military work is difficult and dangerous. Tensions have gone up and down on this peninsula over the years, but always there are risks.

I talked about just a moment ago the distinguished gentleman who introduced me and his fellow airmen who risked their lives to aid others. Just a few weeks ago, 50 miles from here, four Americans and one Korean soldier lost their lives returning from important training missions. Let me say their names: Private Joseph Biondo, Private First Class Joey Brantley, Specialist James Buis, Sergeant Brian Walshxx, Corporal Kim Yong Ku.

We honor their service. We mourn their loss in the cause of peace and security. May the American people never forget this work is difficult and dangerous, and we owe you a lot for doing it.

America strongly supports President Kim’s strategy of engagement with North Korea. In the five years since I last met with our troops along the DMZ, we have seen some hopeful signs. There have been peace talks, and over the summer, for the very first time, United States Command and the North Korean military began General Officer talks aimed at preventing problems along the DMZ.

But, unfortunately, not all has gone well. Lately, signs of danger have intensified, with incursions from the North, provocative missile tests, and the question of a suspect underground installation. So we must remain vigilant. And thanks to you, we are.

One of the greatest threats the world now faces is weapons of mass destruction. And though our attention lately has been focused on Iraq’s efforts in that area, North Korea is also a major concern. Here at Osan, you are critical to this most dangerous battleground, deterring and, if necessary, defending against chemical and biological attacks.

Let me reaffirm the view of the United States: North Korea must maintain its freeze on and move ahead to dismantle its nuclear weapons program, as it has agreed to do. It must comply with its obligations under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. It must halt its efforts to develop and proliferate chemical and biological weapons and ballistic missiles.

We will continue to press North Korea to take these steps for peace and security. But until it fully commits itself to a constructive role on this peninsula, we must remain ready. And thanks to you, we will. America will continue to do what it takes to promote the security of our citizens and our friends and allies, to be a force for peace as we have been in Haiti, in Northern Ireland, in Bosnia, in Kosovo in the Middle East.

Our ability to succeed in promoting peace is uniquely due to the fact that we can back up our diplomatic efforts when necessary with military strength. And that depends on you, the finest Armed Forces in the world.

We ask so much of you, to travel far from home, to work long hours, to risk your lives. We ask so much of you families — lengthy separations, career and school transitions. We owe an awful lot in return — at least the training and support you need, the tools to do your job, from high-tech equipment to the most basic spare parts, and the quality of life you deserve.

I spend a lot of time addressing these issues with Secretary of Defense Cohen, with General Shelton of the Joint Chiefs, with other leaders of our military. While our current state of readiness is sound, we have to ensure we’re prepared for the future. To move us in the right direction I asked the Congress to approve $1.1 billion in additional funds for readiness and recruitment in this year’s budget. And I’m happy to say the Congress came through. (Applause.)

We obtained almost $2 billion in emergency funds to cover unanticipated operations in Bosnia. We shifted another $1 billion in existing defense funds to readiness needs. I’ve asked Secretary Cohen to prepare budget and policy proposals aimed at addressing these needs for the long-term, and I’ve approved pay raises that will significantly reduce the gap between military and civilian pay. (Applause.) I ought to quit while I’m ahead. (Laughter.)

I want you to know that, working with Congress and the Joint Chiefs, we will continue to make our top priority your readiness — readiness for our first-to-fight forces like the soldiers I met earlier today from the Second Infantry Division — (applause) — readiness for our sailors in ships at sea so vital to our efforts, particularly now, to contain the weapons of mass destruction threat of Saddam Hussein; readiness for our strategic and tactical air forces, crucial in meeting our security challenges in the Gulf, in Bosnia, here in Korea, indeed all around the world.

Thursday is Thanksgiving. (Applause.) I know that your loved ones back home are thinking about you here — proud of your accomplishments, your service, your kindness, and your strength. I’m happy today to be bringing to you some prepaid phone cards generously provided by AT&T — (applause) — so you can call your families and friends across the ocean for free. (Applause.)

I hope that all Americans — all Americans, not just those who receive a call on Thanksgiving Day — as they sit down to their turkey and give thanks for all our blessings, will consider the debt of gratitude we all owe to our men and women in uniform. You have made the world a better place and you will continue to do so. You have made us very proud and we will continue to be very proud.

I thank you. I wish you well. God bless you and God bless America. (Applause.) (Source: President Speech at Osan AB.)

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ROK Developments Unlike his predecessor, President Kim Dae-jung started with friendly gestures to North Korea by seeking reconciliation and cooperation. His engagement policy, known as the “Sunshine” policy, sought direct dialogue with the North and relaxed regulations in dealing with North Korea. In particular, business contacts were encouraged and are less restricted now. As a result of this new policy, one of the largest Korean business groups, Hyundai, started from November 1998 to organize tours to Mount Kumgang in North Korea. Hyundai, however, has to pay a high price for this project and contacts between North and South Korean people during the tour are prohibited. Some in the South, however, see this project as the major success of the new policy.

The South Korean peace gestures first were met with hostile North Korean reactions. During the first year of the presidency of Kim Dae-jung, there were more military incidents between North and South than at any time in history. A North Korean submarine was caught in a fishing net, and there were even aborted infiltrations. But worst of all, the test firing of Taepodong-1 missile in August 1998 by North Korea raised security concern not only in South Korea but also in Japan and the US, and hastened the US decision to build missile defense systems in the US and in the region. (Source: Asia Times.)

In August 1998, North Korea launched a two-stage missile, the Taepo Dong 1, revealing its growing offensive capability. The launch demonstrated that the North now threatens Japan and U.S. bases located there as well, Tilelli said. He said the North continues on a course of developing longer range missiles that may threaten other nations in the region, as well.

American intelligence assessments confirm North Korea also could launch chemical weapons against the South. Virtually all North Korean fire support systems can deliver chemical weapons, and the North has chemical defense units and trains for operations in a chemical environment. (Source: Defense Link: Douglas J. Gillert.)
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1999:

Songbuk Elementary School (1999) (Songbuk Elementary School)

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F-16 Crash A pilot from the 36th Fighter Squadron here ejected from his F-16 at 6:15 p.m. 24 August 1999, approximately one mile off the east coast of South Korea near Kangnung. The pilot was on a routine training mission. The pilot was picked up by a South Korean civilian boat and was transported to the Osan hospital where he underwent medical evaluation. (Source: 36th Fiends History.)
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Security defense airmen take cover during Foal Eagle exercise. (1999) (Joe ?)

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Marines Back-fill for 36th FS Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornets helped maintain freedom in the skies over South Korea while 36th Fighter Squadron F-16s were away at Air Force exercises. Twelve two-seat F/A-18s and approximately 170 maintenance people from Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 224, stationed at Beaufort Marine Corps Air Station, S.C., arrived at Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea, for their 45-day tour 14 Feburary 1999. As part of their unit deployment program, the Marine aircraft flew missions normally flown by aircraft in the 36th FS, which were at Cope Thunder at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, and also at Combat Archer at Tyndall AFB, Fla. The aircraft and personnel had been deployed from MCAS Beaufort to MCAS Iwakuni, Japan, where they are on a six-month deployment supporting operations in the Pacific theater. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: Osan.)
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Osan AB Defenders during Foal Eagle 99 (Oct 1999) (PACAF News)

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ROK Developments The North Korean announcement in June 1999 of the non-recognition of the NLL (Northern Limit Line) marking the sea border between the two Koreas came as a surprise. Subsequently, North Korean navy vessels broke into the NLL in pursuit of fishing boats and clashed with South Korean navy. After 10 days of provocation, on June 15, a military clash between two navies occurred which lasted for only 12 minutes but resulted in the deaths of more than 40 North Koreans and saw many others injured. One North Korean warship was sunk and four others were badly damaged. Instead of the expected military retaliation, the North only blamed the South for the action and demanded apology and compensation. This incident, a test of military strength which could have started a war, was the turning point in the North Korean behavior and since then military provocation from the North has been greatly reduced and dialogues increased. (Source: Asia Times.)